The VET Africa project looked at a range of contexts in which skills development takes place within complex skills and work ecosystems. By operating at both theoretical and applied levels across multiple cases, this research sought to contribute both to academic and professional knowledge of how VET in Africa works and how it can be improved to contribute to the needs of the most intersectionally marginalised. The objective of these Pathway interviews was to understand the pathways participants had taken through school and into vocational training and beyond, and explore (1) what motivations, drivers and barriers may have shaped their pathway experience, (2) gain insight on their experience of vocational education and training, what skills they had learnt, and their application and relevancy to their current or planned work/career, and (3) their hopes and plans for the future work and learning. The pathway interviews focused on four sectors: catering, marine industry, agriculture and tailoring. We drew upon the Pathways concept (see for example Raffe, 2003) as a way to think about the transitions between education, training and work. Recognising that Pathways are normally non-linear, complex and messy, the idea of Pathways helps us to recognise that people are different, they face different barriers to productive employment, and the guidance and careers advice can help provide confidence and support, and similarly qualifications are important, but they are not necessarily the central feature of pathways through work, living and learning. Pathways can also be an expression of individual aspiration and social / public good. Raffe, D., 2003. Pathways linking education and work: A review of concepts, research, and policy debates. Journal of youth studies, 6(1), pp.3-19.A new approach to vocational education and training (VET) in Africa is needed to address the insights of Agenda 2030 that development cannot have meaning without concentrated attention on overturning complex disadvantage and securing environmental sustainability, as well as on economic growth and employment. Since the African independence wave began 60 years ago, VET in Africa has gone through three phases, reflecting wider development orthodoxies of modernisation, basic needs and neoliberalism. With a new UNESCO VET vision and the SDGs, it is time to look at what a fourth phase of African VET theory and practice might look like that can address not just economic considerations but also issues of equity/inclusion and environmental sustainability. To do this we draw on three main theoretical traditions: i) a political economy of development approach that combines learning from evolutionary, institutional and complexity economics with the existing political economy of skills tradition; ii) a new wave of human development and capabilities research that combines the capabilities approach with critical sociological traditions and applies this to VET; iii) accounts of skills development for sustainable development that emphasise the need for pro-poor and community-owned approaches to green skills. The fourth part of our thinking toolkit is provided by the methodological approach of realist evaluation, focused on how to ascertain what different stakeholders think works (and doesn't work) in each case study setting, when, where and why, and for whom. We will use these four parts of our toolkit to examine four case studies: 1) Uganda - attempts to build local skills and employment into a major oil and gas project (Hoima). 2) Uganda - youth-entrepreneurship and community development in a post-conflict setting (Gulu). 3) South Africa - major infrastructure development initiative in Durban as part of larger ambitions regarding an economic corridor from the port to the industrial heartland of Gauteng. 4) South Africa - rural, community-driven green skills (E Cape). These provide a range of contexts in which skills development takes place within complex skills and work ecosystems. These include massive infrastructure projects, both urban and rural; green skills initiatives alongside continued developments in extractives; and small community projects, including in post-conflict contexts. They also all have important and complex dynamics of gender and economic inequality. We will answer four research questions: 1) Is there evidence that different emergent approaches to skills for development in Africa are viable, both at the project level and, potentially, at larger scale?2) What do different stakeholders think works (and doesn't work) in such initiatives, when, where and why, and for whom? 3) To what extent do the different interventions offer a fruitful approach for promoting decent work and sustainable livelihoods for all, with a particular emphasis on meeting the needs of those facing multiple forms of disadvantage? What enables and/or constrains this? 4) Are skills interventions such as these capable of overcoming the old productivist approach so as to address the rising challenges of environmental sustainability? By operating at both theoretical and applied levels across multiple cases, this research will make a significant contribution to addressing the grand challenge of successful VET reform. It will produce strong academic research, built through continuous engagement with stakeholders, that will be communicated in appropriate ways to academic, policy, practitioner and community audiences. This will enable the project team to offer new practical insights into how better to support VET system transformation through an ecosystem approach. This will result in new knowledge that can contribute to meeting the needs of the most marginalised, national development needs and the global SDG agenda.

Data collection consisted of interviews with VET students and/or VET graduates in designated town/cities South Africa and Uganda. These locations were because of the established networks between VET actors and the VET Africa 4.0 university project partners, and because of their marginalised position geographically and economically within the case countries. In part this marginalisation is reflected in the range of actors and interventions seeking to promote employment and skills development, particularly for marginalised youth and women. Participants were invited to participate through a range of formal and informal networks between the in-country university researchers and local vocational training institutes and VET graduates. Initial contacts were made on the basis of established connections and trust (for example via a local youth group or vocational college), followed by nonprobability snowball sampling. These Pathway interviews were collected in person and recorded (with any exceptions stated otherwise). The interviews took place between May – August 2020 at various times and locations in South Africa and Uganda, in accordance with local Covid-19 restrictions and VET Africa 4.0 risk assessment protocols. All transcripts are Intelligent Verbatim, the transcript omits most “ums”, “oms” and pauses, but the interviewer or interviewee text was not edited. The transcripts are anonymised and all places names (e.g. locations, names of vocational training institutes) have been removed. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS The overarching objective for the pathway interviews was agreed between three different case teams, but interview schedules differed slightly depending upon three factors: (1) Covid-19 restrictions at the time. These dictated whether an interview took place in a more formal / standard interview setting, for example some interviews took place in a small room at a local VTI, whilst others were shorter more informal conversations which took place outside in a community setting (albeit with the same consent and ethics protocols followed). (2) The level of prior engagement with participants. In some cases, the pathways interview was the first engagement between the case team and local participants, with planned follow-up engagements with these participants in a focus group when Covid-19 restrictions allowed. In other interviews, the pathway interview followed prior engagement with participants in focus groups or other events led by the research group. (3) The pathway interviews focused on four sectors: catering, marine industry, agriculture and tailoring. The role of VET as a recognised pathway can differ between sector and also between case locations, either practically in terms of qualification routes, and/or local opportunities/barriers and perceptions which can affect the possibility of career progression in a particular sector. Therefore, each case team were interested in slightly different aspects of a participants’ pathway experience. See Topic List 1 and 2.