Democratization and Power Resources 1850-2000

DOI

Tämä laaja pitkittäisaineisto on tulosta professori Tatu Vanhasen pitkäaikaisesta valtioiden demokratisoitumista ja valtaresursseja koskevasta tutkimustyöstä. Kansainvälinen tiedeyhteisö tuntee aineiston myös nimellä Vanhanen's Index of Power Resources. Erilaisista kirjallisista lähteistä kootut tiedot on aiemmin julkaistu viiden eri teoksen liitteinä. Teokset on lueteltu alla kohdassa lähdeaineistot. Näissä teoksissa käytetyt numerotietojen alkuperäiset lähteet on koottu taustatietoa-dokumenttiin. Vanhanen jakaa aineistonsa muuttujat kahteen eri pääryhmään. Ensimmäinen ryhmä on demokratian mittarit (Measures of Democracy), jossa on kolme muuttujaa. Toista ryhmää hän kutsuu resurssien jakautuneisuuden mittareiksi (Measures of Resource Distribution). Demokratian mittarit -ryhmään kuuluvat kilpailullisuus (Competition), osallistuminen (Participation) ja demokratisoitumisindeksi (Index of Democratization). Kilpailullisuuden arvot saadaan, kun vähennetään suurimman puolueen saama kannatusprosentti sadasta. Kannatusprosentti on laskettu puolueen saamista äänistä tai paikoista parlamentissa ja/tai voittaneen presidenttiehdokkaan ääniosuudesta. Osallistuminen muodostuu äänestysaktiivisuudesta vaaleissa ja kansanäänestyksien lukumäärästä. Osavaltion sisäinen kansanäänestys nostaa muuttujan arvoa yhdellä prosenttiyksiköllä ja koko valtion käsittävä kansanäänestys nostaa sitä viidellä prosenttiyksiköllä. Muuttujan yläraja on 70 prosenttia. Demokratisoitumisindeksi saadaan jakamalla osallistumisen ja kilpailullisuuden tulo sadalla. Resurssien jakautuneisuutta mitataan kuudella muuttujalla: 1) Kaupunkiväestön osuus (%) koko väestöstä; 2) Agraariväestöön kuulumattomien osuus (%) (Non-Agricultural Population). Saadaan vähentämällä agraariväestöön kuuluvien osuus sadasta; 3) Opiskelijoiden määrä (Students). Muuttuja kertoo kuinka monta opiskelijaa maassa on 100000 henkeä kohden. Opiskelijaksi luetaan yliopistoissa, korkeakouluissa tai vastaavissa oppilaitoksissa opiskelevat. Opiskelijoiden osuus (Students %) lasketaan kahdella tavalla. Ennen vuotta 1988 opiskelijoiden määrä -muuttujan arvo 1000 vastaa 100 prosenttia. Vuosina 1988 ja 1998 samaisen muuttujan arvo 5000 vastaa 100 prosenttia; 4) Lukutaitoisia (Literates %) lasketaan prosentteina aikuisväestöstä; 5) Perhetilojen osuus (Family Farms %) on perhetilojen yhteenlaskettu pinta-ala koko viljelypinta-alasta tai maatilojen kokonaisalasta prosentteina; (6) Ei-agraaristen taloudellisten resurssien jakautuneisuuden aste (Degree of Decentralization of Non-Agricultural Economic Resources). Muuttuja on laskettu 1970-luvulta alkaen. Edellisistä kuudesta muuttujasta on muodostettu kolme uutta muuttujaa. 1) Ammattien monialaistumisen indeksi (Index of Occupational Diversification) saadaan laskemalla kaupunkiväestön ja agraariväestöön kuulumattomien osuuden aritmeettinen keskiarvo. 2) Henkisen pääoman jakautuneisuuden indeksi (Index of Knowledge Distribution) on lukutaitoisten prosenttiosuuden ja opiskelijoiden prosenttiosuuden aritmeettinen keskiarvo. 3) Taloudellisten valtaresurssien jakautuneisuuden indeksi (Index of Distribution of Economic Power Resources) saadaan, kun ensiksi kerrotaan perhetilojen osuus agraariväestön osuudella. Sitten kerrotaan ei agraaristen taloudellisten resurssien jakautuneisuuden aste agraariväestöön kuulumattomien osuudella. Lopuksi nämä kaksi tuloa lasketaan yhteen. Edellä mainituista muuttujista on muodostettu edelleen kaksi uutta muuttujaa. Ensimmäinen on valtaresurssi-indeksi (Index of Power Resources), joka saadaan jakamalla 10000:lla ammattien monialaistumisen, henkisen pääoman jakautuneisuuden ja taloudellisten valtaresurssien indeksien tulo. Toinen muuttuja on viiden (1970-luvulta lähtien kuuden) selittävän muuttujan keskiarvo. Siinä lasketaan muuttujien 1-6 aritmeettinen keskiarvo. Tämä eroaa valtaresurssi-indeksistä siten, että yhden muuttujan pieni arvo ei pudota koko muuttujan arvoa kovin paljoa.

This large longitudinal study is the result of professor Tatu Vanhanen's long-term research on democratization and power resources. International scientific community knows this data also by the name "Vanhanen's Index of Power Resources". The data have been collected from several written sources and have been published as appendices of five different books. The books are listed in the section Data sources below. The original sources of the numerical data published in these books have been collected to a separate document containing background information. Vanhanen divides the variables of his dataset into two main groups. The first group consists of Measures of Democracy and includes three variables. The second group is called Measures of Resource Distribution. The variables in the first group (Measures of Democracy) are Competition, Participation and Index of Democratization. The value of Competition is calculated by subtracting the percentage of votes/seats gained by the largest political party in parliamentary elections and/or in presidential (executive) elections from 100%. The Participation variable is an aggregate of the turnout in elections (percentage of the total population who voted in the same election) and the number of referendums. Each national referendum raises the value of Participation by five percentage points and each state referendum by one percentage point for the year of the referendum. The upper limit for both variables is 70%. Index of Democratization is derived by first multiplying the above mentioned variables Competition and Participation and then dividing this product by 100. Six variables are used to measure resource distribution: 1) Urban Population (%) (as a percentage of total population). 2) Non-Agricultural Population (%) (derived by subtracting the percentage of agricultural population from 100%). 3) Number of students: the variable denotes how many students there are in universities and other higher education institutions per 100.000 inhabitants of the country. Two ways are used to calculate the percentage of Students (%): before the year 1988 the value 1000 of the variable Number of students is equivalent to 100% and between the years 1988-1998 the value 5000 of the same variable is equivalent to 100%. 4) Literates (%) (as a percentage of adult population). 5) Family Farms Are (%) (as a percentage of total cultivated area or of total area of holdings). 6) Degree of Decentralization of Non-Agricultural Economic Resources. This variable has been calculated from the 1970s. Three new variables have been derived from the above mentioned six variables. 1) Index of Occupational Diversification is derived by calculating the arithmetic mean of Urban Population and Non-Agricultural Population. 2) Index of Knowledge Distribution is derived by calculating the arithmetic mean of Students and Literates. 3) Index of Distribution of Economic Power Resources is derived by first multiplying the value of Family Farm Area with the percentage of agricultural population. Then the value of Degree of Decentralization of Non-Agricultural Economic Resources is multiplied with the percentage of Non-Agricultural Population. After this these two products are simply added up. Finally two new variables have derived from the above mentioned variables. First derived variable is Index of Power Resources, calculated by multiplying the values of Index of Occupational Diversification, Index of Knowledge Distribution and Index of the Distribution of Economic Power Resources and then dividing the product by 10 000. The second derived variable Mean is the arithmetic mean of the five (from the 1970s six) explanatory variables. This differs from Index of Power Resources in that a low value of any single variable does not reduce the value of Mean to any great extent.

KokonaisaineistoTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration

Total universe/Complete enumerationTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration

Kooste- tai synteesiaineistoCompilationSynthesis

Compilation/SynthesisCompilationSynthesis

Identifier
DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123423000297
Source https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1216
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Related Identifier https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-471
Related Identifier https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0007123423000297
Metadata Access https://datacatalogue.cessda.eu/oai-pmh/v0/oai?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=oai_ddi25&identifier=0596566c0aca91cfc215a299c0d8787111f079948c705e141abd81f40592298a
Provenance
Creator Vanhanen, Tatu
Publisher Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto; Finnish Social Science Data Archive
Publication Year 2003
Rights Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto; Finnish Social Science Data Archive; Tietoarkiston ja aineiston luovuttajan tekemän sopimuksen mukaisesti.; In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor.; Aineisto on (A) vapaasti käytettävissä ilman rekisteröitymistä (CC BY 4.0).; The dataset is (A) openly available for all users without registration (CC BY 4.0).
OpenAccess true
Contact https://www.fsd.tuni.fi/
Representation
Resource Type Kvantitatiivinen; Quantitative
Discipline Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Aquaculture; Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Aquaculture and Veterinary Medicine; Economics; Life Sciences; Social Sciences; Social and Behavioural Sciences; Soil Sciences
Spatial Coverage Afganistan; Albania; Algeria; Angola; Antigua ja Barbuda; Argentiina; Armenia; Australia; Itävalta; Azerbaidzan; Bahama; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados; Valko-Venäjä; Belgia; Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia; Bosnia ja Hertsegovina; Botswana; Brasilia; Brunei; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Myanmar (Burma); Burundi; Kambodza; Kamerun; Kanada; Kap Verde; Keski-Afrikan tasavalta; Tsad; Chile; Kiina; Kolumbia; Komorit; Kongo (Brazzaville); Kongo (Zaire); Costa Rica; Norsunluurannikko (Côte d'Ivoire); Kroatia; Kuuba; Kypros; Tsekki; Tsekkoslovakia; Tanska; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominikaaninen tasavalta; Ecuador; Egypti; El Salvador; Päiväntasaajan Guinea; Eritrea; Viro; Etiopia; Fidzi; Suomi; Ranska; Gabon; Gambia; Saksan demokraattinen tasavalta; Saksa; Länsi-Saksa; Georgia; Ghana; Grenada; Kreikka; Guatemala; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Unkari; Islanti; Intia; Indonesia; Iran; Irak; Irlanti; Israel; Italia; Jamaika; Japani; Jordania; Kazakstan; Kenia; Kiribati; Pohjois-Korea; Etelä-Korea; Kuwait; Kirgisia; Laos; Latvia; Libanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Liettua; Makedonia; Luxemburg; Madagaskar; Malawi; Malesia; Malediivit; Mali; Malta; Marshallinsaaret; Mauritania; Mauritius; Meksiko; Mikronesia; Moldova; Mongolia; Marokko; Mosambik; Namibia; Nepal; Alankomaat; Uusi-Seelanti; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Norja; Oman; Pakistan; Panama; Papua-Uusi-Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Filippiinit; Puola; Portugali; Qatar; Romania; Venäjä; Neuvostoliitto; Ruanda; Länsi-Samoa; São Tomé ja Prínsipe; Saudi-Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Seychellit; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Slovakia; Slovenia; Salomonsaaret; Somalia; Etelä-Afrikka; Espanja; Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts ja Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent ja Grenadiinit; Sudan; Suriname; Swazimaa; Ruotsi; Sveitsi; Syyria; Taiwan; Tadzikistan; Tansania; Thaimaa; Togo; Tonga; Trinidad ja Tobago; Tunisia; Turkki; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraina; Arabiemiirikunnat; Iso-Britannia; Yhdysvallat; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Venezuela; Vietnam; Jemen; Jugoslavia; Sambia; Zimbabwe; Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Angola; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Armenia; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belarus; Belgium; Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia; Bosnia and Hertzegovina; Botswana; Brazil; Brunei; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Myanmar (Burma); Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Canada; Cape Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; Chile; China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo (Brazzaville); Congo (Zaire); Costa Rica; Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire); Croatia; Cuba; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Fiji; Finland; France; Gabon; Gambia; German Democratic Republic GDR; Germany; West-Germany; Georgia; Ghana; Grenada; Greece; Guatemala; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kiribati; North Korea; South Korea; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Laos; Latvia; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Lithuania; Macedonia; Luxemburg; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Maldives; Mali; Malta; Marshall Islands; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mexico; Micronesia; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nepal; Netherlands; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Qatar; Romania; Russia; Russia (USSR, Soviet Union); Rwanda; Western Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Slovakia; Slovenia; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Sudan; Suriname; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Taiwan; Tajikistan; Tanzania; Thailand; Togo; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Venezuela; Vietnam; North Vietnam; South Vietnam; Yemen; North Yemen; South Yemen; Yugoslavia; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Arabiemiirikunnat; Afganistan; Antigua ja Barbuda; Albania; Armenia; Angola; Argentiina; Itävalta; Australia; Azerbaidzan; Bosnia ja Hertsegovina; Barbados; Bangladesh; Belgia; Burkina Faso; Bulgaria; Bahrain; Burundi; Benin; Brunei; Bolivia; Brasilia; Bahama; Bhutan; Botswana; Valko-Venäjä; Belize; Kanada; Kongo (Zaire); Keski-Afrikan tasavalta; Kongo (Brazzaville); Sveitsi; Norsunluurannikko (Côte d'Ivoire); Chile; Kamerun; Kiina; Kolumbia; Costa Rica; Tsekkoslovakia; Kuuba; Kap Verde; Kypros; Tsekki; Länsi-Saksa; Saksa; Saksan demokraattinen tasavalta; Djibouti; Tanska; Dominica; Dominikaaninen tasavalta; Algeria; Ecuador; Viro; Egypti; Eritrea; Espanja; Etiopia; Suomi; Fidzi; Mikronesia; Ranska; Gabon; Iso-Britannia; Grenada; Georgia; Ghana; Gambia; Guinea; Päiväntasaajan Guinea; Kreikka; Guatemala; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Honduras; Kroatia; Haiti; Unkari; Indonesia; Irlanti; Israel; Intia; Irak; Iran; Islanti; Italia; Jamaika; Jordania; Japani; Kenia; Kirgisia; Kambodza; Kiribati; Komorit; Saint Kitts ja Nevis; Pohjois-Korea; Etelä-Korea; Kuwait; Kazakstan; Laos; Libanon; Saint Lucia; Sri Lanka; Liberia; Lesotho; Liettua; Luxemburg; Latvia; Libya; Marokko; Moldova; Madagaskar; Marshallinsaaret; Makedonia; Mali; Myanmar (Burma); Mongolia; Mauritania; Malta; Mauritius; Malediivit; Malawi; Meksiko; Malesia; Mosambik; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Nicaragua; Alankomaat; Norja; Nepal; Uusi-Seelanti; Oman; Panama; Peru; Papua-Uusi-Guinea; Filippiinit; Pakistan; Puola; Portugali; Paraguay; Qatar; Romania; Venäjä; Ruanda; Saudi-Arabia; Salomonsaaret; Seychellit; Sudan; Ruotsi; Singapore; Slovenia; Slovakia; Sierra Leone; Senegal; Somalia; Serbia; Suriname; São Tomé ja Prínsipe; Neuvostoliitto; El Salvador; Syyria; Swazimaa; Tsad; Togo; Thaimaa; Tadzikistan; Turkmenistan; Tunisia; Tonga; Turkki; Trinidad ja Tobago; Taiwan; Tansania; Ukraina; Uganda; Yhdysvallat; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Saint Vincent ja Grenadiinit; Venezuela; Vietnam; Länsi-Samoa; Vanuatu; Jemen; Jugoslavia; Etelä-Afrikka; Sambia; Zimbabwe; United Arab Emirates; Afghanistan; Antigua and Barbuda; Albania; Armenia; Angola; Argentina; Austria; Australia; Azerbaijan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Barbados; Bangladesh; Belgium; Burkina Faso; Bulgaria; Bahrain; Burundi; Benin; Brunei; Bolivia; Brazil; Bahamas; Bhutan; Botswana; Belarus; Belize; Canada; Congo (Zaire); Central African Republic; Congo (Brazzaville); Switzerland; Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire); Chile; Cameroon; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Czechoslovakia; Cuba; Cape Verde; Cyprus; Czech Republic; German Democratic Republic GDR; Germany; West-Germany; Djibouti; Denmark; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Algeria; Ecuador; Estonia; Egypt; Eritrea; Spain; Ethiopia; Finland; Fiji; Micronesia; France; Gabon; United Kingdom; Grenada; Georgia; Ghana; Gambia; Guinea; Equatorial Guinea; Greece; Guatemala; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Honduras; Croatia; Haiti; Hungary; Indonesia; Ireland; Israel; India; Iraq; Iran; Iceland; Italy; Jamaica; Jordan; Japan; Kenya; Kyrgyzstan; Cambodia; Kiribati; Comoros; Saint Kitts and Nevis; North Korea; South Korea; Kuwait; Kazakhstan; Laos; Lebanon; Saint Lucia; Sri Lanka; Liberia; Lesotho; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Latvia; Libya; Morocco; Moldova; Madagascar; Marshall Islands; Macedonia; Mali; Myanmar (Burma); Mongolia; Mauritania; Malta; Mauritius; Maldives; Malawi; Mexico; Malaysia; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Nicaragua; The Netherlands; Norway; Nepal; New Zealand; Oman; Panama; Peru; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Paraguay; Qatar; Romania; Russia; Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; Solomon Islands; Seychelles; Sudan; Sweden; Singapore; Slovenia; Slovakia; Sierra Leone; Senegal; Somalia; Serbia; Suriname; Sao Tome and Principe; Russia (USSR, Soviet Union); El Salvador; Syria; Swaziland; Chad; Togo; Thailand; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Tunisia; Tonga; Turkey; Trinidad and Tobago; Taiwan; Tanzania; Ukraine; Uganda; United States; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Venezuela; Vietnam; North Vietnam; South Vietnam; Western Samoa; Vanuatu; Yemen; South Yemen; North Yemen; Yugoslavia; South Africa; Zambia; Zimbabwe