The Pliocene is regarded as a potential analogue for future climate with conditions generally warmer-than-today and higher-than-preindustrial atmospheric CO2 levels. Here we present the first orbitally resolved records of continental hydrology and vegetation changes from West Africa for two Pliocene time intervals (5.0-4.6 Ma, 3.6-3.0 Ma). Our results indicate that changes in local insolation alone are insufficient to explain the full degree of hydrologic variations. Generally two modes of interacting insolation forcings are observed: during eccentricity maxima, when precession was strong, the West African monsoon was driven by summer insolation; during eccentricity minima, when precession-driven variations in local insolation were minimal, obliquity-driven changes in the summer latitudinal insolation gradient became dominant. This hybrid monsoonal forcing concept explains orbitally-controlled tropical climate changes, incorporating the forcing mechanism of latitudinal gradients for the Pliocene, which probably increased in importance during subsequent Northern Hemisphere glaciations.

SD standard dD 2 per mil.SD standard d13C 0.3 per mil.Standard SD is given if SD is smaller than Standard SD.Orbitally resolved records of continental hydrology (Deuterium) and vegetation changes (stable carbon isotopes) from West Africa (ODP Site 659) for two Pliocene time intervals (5.0-4.6 Ma, 3.6-3.0 Ma).

Supplement to: Küchler, Rony R; Dupont, Lydie M; Schefuß, Enno (2018): Hybrid insolation forcing of Pliocene monsoon dynamics in West Africa. Climate of the Past, 14(1), 73-84