The BPI (Biodiversity Pressure Index) is a global dataset on annual human pressure exerted on biodiversity between 1990-2020 at 0.1° (~ 10 km at the equator) spatial resolution. It shows the potential human pressure on a scale from 0-1 on a per pixel basis for terrestrial land areas. It is based on data products derived from observations, modelling and national statistics and integrates multiple open data streams reflecting the five IPBES-defined drivers of biodiversity loss: land use, resource extraction, climate change, environmental pollution and invasive species. The data of the BPI can be used to e.g. identify areas of high and low pressure, to perform regional and temporal change analysis of pressures and it can help to tailor protective measures to the underlying pressures and thus likely increase the success of biodiversity protection.The BPI is provided in two different forms:1) Normalised [0-1] data in absolute terms, i.e. not transformed etc.2) Normalised [0-1] data in relative terms, i.e. ranked data to reduce skewness The BPI consists of a set of global datasets. Each of them was harmonised to matching projection, resolution, extent and subsequently normalised on a scale from 0 to 1. Each individual input variable was then summed up per pixel resulting in the cumulative BPI. After the addition, the BPI was again normalised to [0-1]. For the relative BPI, we ranked all individual inputs in percentiles to reduce skewness of the data. All other processing steps were the same. The data was processed using R and Python.

Data variables included in the BPI are:land use/cover (Winkler et al. 2021) land use/cover transitions (Winkler et al. 2021), mining (Maus et al. 2022), wildlife trade (Jackson et al. 2023), temperature and precipitation (ERA5 Land), fertiliser use (Tian et al. 2022), pesticides use (based on FAOSTAT), nighttime lights (Li et al. 2020), trade (Chatham House).