In this study, two divergent populations of O.oratoria were used to performed transcriptome analyses. Thermal stress responses were tested to analyze whether differential evolutionary adaptations were existed in two populations of O.oratoria. Furthermore, this research also investigated some population-specific genes, GO terms and pathways that were might regulate to local adaption. Finally, these results can enhance our understanding of how environmental heterogeneity and climate changes contributed to genetic diversification within lineages.