This dataset contains measurements of temperature and dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (ε) obtained during the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign using a novel ascending microstructure profiler. A total of 235 successful profiles were conducted between 22 February 2020 and 17 September 2020 along the MOSAiC drift covering the central Arctic Ocean (Nansen and Amundsen Basin), the Yermak Plateau and the Fram Strait region. The main purpose of the measurements was to capture under-ice turbulence in the ice-ocean boundary layer. Standard, free-falling microstructure profilers do not provide usable data in the top several meters under the ice, as they are still accelerating there. Using an internal-recording VMP-250-IR microstructure profiler (SN 104) in novel upriser configuration allows us to measure turbulence until directly (within 1 m) under the ice-ocean interface. The instrument setup and deployment procedure is described in Fer et al. 2022, linked in the dataset. Profiles were taken during varying ice and meteorological conditions. The dissipation rate was calculated from shear-probe data following best-practice processing procedures outlined in the ATOMIX wiki (https://wiki.app.uib.no/atomix/index.php/Shear_probes).