%OC, %TN, δ13C and δ15N analysed in C3 and C4 plants, soils, SPM and riverbed sediments in the Godavari River basin (India), located in the Core Monsoon Zone. Above-ground plant parts of C3 and C4 vegetation were collected at the end of the dry season (February/March 2015) across the Godavari basin, including trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, grasses and dominant crops. Surface soils (0-10 cm) were collected near the Godavari River, and SPM (10-80 L, filtered over 0.7 μm GFF filters) and bulk and fine (≤63 μm) riverbed sediments were collected in a dry (February/March 2015) and wet season (July/August 2015). Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) data were retrieved from Dearing Crampton-Flood et al. (2019) (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.907818) and India Water Resources Information System (https://indiawris.gov.in/)