This dataset is for the paper, named Research on the Fiscal Transparency, Media Coverage and Fiscal Science and Technology Investment Efficiency Dataset. It takes thirty-one provinces, autonomous regions and centrally-administered municipality from mainland China as research objectives, and select data from 2014-2018 to analyse the mechanism and effect of media coverage and fiscal transparency on the fiscal science & technology investment efficiency. Fiscal science & technology investment efficiency is measured by the DEA method and substituted by comprehensive technology efficiency. Most of the sample data collected from China Statistical Yearbook and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology. The data of media coverage collected from China Core Newspapers Full-text Database in CNKI. The data of fiscal transparency collect from Chinese Fiscal Transparency Report published by Research Center of Public Policy in Shanghai University of Finance and Economics. Control variates collected from China Statistical Yearbook. This empirical study collects 155 sample observation data in total and uses stats15.0 statistical software to process and analyse the data.